Advantages and Disadvantages of Drugs Usage Essay

: Advantages and Disadvantages of Drugs Usage Good morning to our teacher Pn. Devi and our friends. I am chien yen. I am Wan Yi. We are honoured to give a talk on advantages and disadvantages of drug usage. I probably don’t have to work very hard to get people to see that there really is no right time, place, or situation to try drugs, but I’m going to try anyway. There are several different reasons why teens might turn to drugs . One of them could be that they just want to be social and have fun. Usually, it is in a social setting that teens first try drugs. The â€Å"teen years† is when most adolescents do their experimenting with different things, and this could also be another reason why they might try drugs. They also might be mislead to think that addiction couldn’t happen to them, so â€Å"I can stop whenever I want† is often an excuse. Another reason could be that they want to seem mature, or cool. Many teens think that using drugs make them seem more grown-up and confident, but in fact, it shows just how immature they are. By giving into peer pressure and not being able to think for themselves, the only thing they prove is that they are naive. Everybody knows that parents are big influence in child’s life, but sometimes children might feel pressured or controlled by their parents and decide to rebel against them. Using drugs is a very common way of rebelling because the parents might not even know that it’s going on right under their noses. School, friends, relationships, and many other things could also be adding to the stress of teens today, and the pressure alone might drive them to drugs because they think it’s comforting. The truth is that it adds more stress to their lives in the long run. There are many dangers that come along with drug use. The greatest danger is death, but there are several other risks and consequences that should definitely be taken into consideration. Drugs can cause addiction, brain damage, liver failure, and many other serious health problems. The use of drugs can also impact the user’s family and friends. They can be dragged into the user’s problem and get addicted themselves. The user could also end up being abandoned by his or her family and friends because nobody really wants to be around drug users. There are so many benefits that come along with a drug free lifestyle. I think most people probably already know the major benefit†¦ life. I believe life is too short to waste time worrying about the consequences of doing drugs. Teenagers are stressed enough these days with work, school, family, and friends that we don’t need any additional reasons to be stressed or feel overwhelmed. Life is hard sometimes, but the misconception that drugs will make it better just makes it that much worse. Another benefit of drug free lifestyle is having a completely functional brain. School is hard for many teenagers, and they have to struggle to get by, so add drugs into the equation, and it makes school that much harder. Then what happens if the person decides that school is too hard? They give up, and live the rest of their life poor because they never finished high school and can’t get a decent job. There’s also the fact that there would be a lost less money spent on medical bills. Tobacco causes cancer, alcohol causes liver problem, inhalants cause brain damage, and all of the other drugs have their health issues also. If they were no drugs, there wouldn’t be as many health problems. If there weren’t as many health problems, there wouldn’t be as much money spent at the hospital. If there was less money spent at the hospital, the doctors might be mad, but the person’s life would be so much better overall! Seriously, not doing drugs can prevent a number of health problems. Overall, there is never a right time, place, or situation to use drugs. Also, almost all the reasons that teens might use drugs are just misconceptions. This doesn’t only go got teenagers. Many adults use drugs , and the same risks apply to adult drug users.

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Among the numerous passages covered in The Metamorphoses of Ovid, there are many stories regarding the origins of the Earth, the activities of the Roman gods, and some of Rome’s significant rulers and founders. Within each of these stories, Ovid injects an overall idea that can be taken away from the text. Many of these overall ideas are themes and lessons, but also there are arts that are illustrated to the reader such as poetry, singing, or weaving. One idea in particular that Ovid portrays is the art of Rhetoric in Greco-Roman culture.Rhetoric was used in Greco-Roman culture often as a means of putting together words in a certain order to persuade or inform your audience of a specific idea. The two stories regarding the discussion between Ajax and Ulysses over Achilles armor exemplifies the idea of rhetoric. Ovid uses the episodes of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen f the Metamorphoses to illustrate to the readers the art of rhetori c. Ovid draws upon previous texts covered in class such as Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid to form some of his stories in the Metamorphoses. However, Ovid’s style of writing is much different than that of Homer and Virgil.Homer and Virgil both write about post Trojan War events, but from two different perspectives, the Greeks and the Trojans respectively. Despite their difference in perspective, their style is the same in that they both focus on the glorification of war. They both portray violent events vividly and give praise to war heroes. Ovid, on the other hand, talks about certain parts in the Odyssey and the Aeneid that Homer and Virgil did not discuss such as the rescue of Achaemenides, the crewman Ulysses left behind on the island of Polyphemus, in book fourteen.Ovid seems to dismiss the glorification of war and briefly pass over violent scenes or portray them in a different, more comical, manner. Rather Ovid focuses on the arts of Greco-Roman cultur e. Ovid focuses on stories of Mythology concerning poetry, singing, crafting, and even the art of rhetoric. Rhetoric is â€Å"the study and practice of effective communication,† (Nordquist). There are three types of rhetoric employed: epideictic, judicial, and deliberative. These three branches of rhetoric can be used in various ways to communicate to your audience.Epideictic rhetoric is the commemoration or blame of an individual. Epideictic rhetoric is often used in â€Å"funeral orations, obituaries, graduation and retirement speeches, letters of recommendation, and nominating speeches at political conventions,† (Nordquist). Judicial rhetoric is â€Å"primarily employed by lawyers in trials decided by a judge or jury,† (Nordquist). Deliberative rhetoric is the use of communication to persuade or dissuade an individual or audience of a statement or action.Ovid does not only use the three branches of rhetoric however, he also shows the use of a technique called amplification and minimization through Ajax and Ulysses which is essentially amplifying good qualities and minimizing bad qualities. The technique of amplification and minimization goes hand in hand with deliberative and epideictic rhetoric. Ovid employs all three branches of rhetoric in his stories of Ajax and Ulysses to demonstrate their arguments and to illustrate the art of rhetoric itself. The bulk of Ovid’s illustration of rhetoric is contained within the stories of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen.After the Trojan War is over, the Greeks set aside Achilles’ armor and decide, through a debate, who the receiver of the armor will be. The two in debate over the armor are Ajax and Ulysses. Both employ deliberative rhetoric as their means of persuading the audience to decide who will keep the armor, but they also use the other branches as well to strengthen their argument. The discussion between the two as a whole is a deliberative and judicial rhetoric battle, but both make use of epideictic rhetoric to strengthen their positions.Ajax is the first to present his argument. Immediately Ajax makes use of epideictic rhetoric by slandering Ulysses’ actions, â€Å"he was one who did not hesitate to beat retreat when he was forced to face the torches Hector threw, while I withstood those deadly flames: the fleet was only rescued because of me,† (Ovid 427). Ajax gives evidence that Ulysses was a coward by exposing his retreat in the face of Hector. He also uses amplification and minimization to show how detrimental it was that Ulysses fled, and how great it was that Ajax held his position.Ajax then uses another epideictic statement when he brings in his heritage: And even if you were to doubt my courage, it’s I who claim the nobler lineage. I am the son of Telamon, the friend who helped the sturdy Hercules destroy the walls of Troy and, then, in Jason’s ship, sailed off and reached the distant coast of Colchis. And Telamon was born of Aeacus, who is a judge whitin the silent world—precisely in the place where Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus, must struggle with the weight of his great stone; and Aeacus was born of Jove—as Jove himself admits. (Ovid 427-428) Once again Ajax draws upon a feature that will increase his deservingness.Throughout the rest of his presentation, Ajax continually employs epideictic rhetoric to commemorate his actions and defame those of Ulysses. The use of only one dimension of the three branches of rhetoric by Ajax shows that the body of his presentation is insulting Ulysses. This weakens Ajax’s argument, â€Å"Many amateur rhetors think of debate as an ‘us-versus-them’ sort of affair, and that the readers who disagree are the enemy whose inferior arguments must be ground into the dirt. Accordingly, they mistakenly believe that ridiculing or attacking these mistaken beliefs is the most effective way to ‘win’ the argument,† (Whe eler).The constant insults diminish in value in their numerous quantities. Ulysses is fortunate to present after Ajax. Ajax is at a disadvantage because of his eagerness to present first. This gives Ulysses a chance to gather his argument and also turn what Ajax says against him. Ulysses begins in a different manner. Ulysses sets the tone of somberness by recalling Achilles, â€Å"If things had gone as you and I had wished, o Greeks, we would hat ask who should succeed to this extraordinary weaponry; Achilles, you’d still have your arms, and we would still have you,† (Ovid 432).Ulysses uses epideictic rhetoric not to depreciate Ajax’s deeds, but to honor Achilles as one does at a funeral. Soon after Ulysses honors Achilles, he begins to strengthen his image through more epideictic rhetoric just as Ajax did. Ulysses draws upon his own lineage on page 433 claiming to be descendent of not only Jove but Mercury as well. He also minimizes Ajax’s lineage by cla iming that one of Ajax’s ancestors was an exiled criminal. Ulysses then moves on to say, â€Å"Just judge by deeds—and deeds alone . . . it’s only one’s worth that weighs,† (Ovid 433).Ulysses defeats Ajax’s argument about his kinship to Achilles, but then claims that the victor should be determined by his actions not his external goods. Aristotle, in Nicomachean Ethics, talks about the importance of external goods, but he says that the goods of the mind (deeds and actions) are more important. So Ulysses goes on to give a myriad of good deeds he has performed such as convincing Achilles to return to battle, going as an ambassador into Troy to try to negotiate the return of Helen, the plan for the Trojan horse, and inciting the warriors and Ajax with courage when they ere on the brink of retreat.As an entirety, Ajax is only able to spill insults and talk down about Ulysses, but Ulysses is able to combat all of Ajax’s insults and turn th em against him. Also going second plays into Ulysses’ favor because Ajax has no opportunity for rebuttal whereas Ulysses does. Therefore Ulysses is declared the victor of the argument and wins on the basis of his rhetorical skills. Ovid pays more respect to the battle between two rhetors than he does to two warriors clearly through the great detail he goes into in the discussion between Ulysses and Ajax.Instead of depicting great violent battle scenes, he depicts a great rhetoric argument between two individuals. Ovid briefly touches on the Trojan War itself, but takes great measure in illustrating the use of rhetoric in the discussion after the War.Bibliography Ovid, Metamorphoses Nordquist, Richard. About. com, â€Å"Rhetoric. † Accessed November 28, 2011. http://grammar. about. com/od/rs/g/rhetoricterm. htm. Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. â€Å"Rhetoric. † Last modified September 26,2011. Accessed November 28, 2011. http://web. cn. edu/kwheeler/resource_rhet. html.

English 12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English 12 - Essay Example experiment, average college students were gathered and placed into a prison environment, where they were quick to take on the roles of guards and prisoners. They acted in the ways that they thought they should have; they understood the situation so much that their personalities were taken over to accompany the situation. In my opinion, I agree with the thoughts of Zimbardo and Buchanan in regards to the fact that people are pitted against the natural forces of negative situations. There are many instances when a person is already familiar with the behaviors of a person or a role, so when they are put in similar situations, they react in a way that they are already aware of. As aforementioned, many people just act how they think they should; it is not so much the fear of judgment by others, but the fact that they should perform in a certain way, that there are expectations already set down for them. When people are put into a bad situation, they act as they see fit. Their behavior changes to help them get through whatever the situation is; oddly enough, it seems that most people resort to negative behaviors and actions than positive ones. An adrenaline rush from the situation may bring on the negative reactions, or perhaps people just feel a certain strength from being tough in a situation, even if it is negative. If the situation they are can be considered bad or evil, the person may act accordingly. In a bad situation, how else should a person act? In accordance to the situation itself. I also believe that conformity plays a large role in how people act in situations that can be deemed bad or negative. In some cases, people follow the behaviors of others that are in the same situation. Zimbardos prison experiment is an example of this - while some of the "prison guards" might have remained true to their personalities and typical behaviors, they noticed that others were strongly taking on the role of real prison guards. These other subjects conformed to the

DeLillo's White Noise and Mao II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

DeLillo's White Noise and Mao II - Essay Example DeLillo has proved himself as an ace analyzer of crowd situations. Jack Gladney, an off-beat professor in the studies of Hitler at the College-on-the-Hill, is the main character of "White Noise." As much as he is grim and off-keyed, his wife and children are equally the odd combination of bizarre and blas. His wife, Babette, beset with a forgetful mind nurses an ever present premonition of death. Babette's addiction to a drug called Dylar finds her in dalliance with a certain shady Dr. Gray compromising with him her body for drugs, a situation which almost ends in murder. The sons, Heinrich, 14, glum and prone to doomsday anxieties, is a chip of the old block, while 3 years old Wilder is rather assuring and conspicuous by his presence. The daughters, Denise, 11, is a brat and will brook no nonsense from her parents, calling spade a spade, and Steffie, the younger sibling, is a sensitive child who cannot bear to see anyone suffer. It is a classical case of a family living inside a capsule inexorably hurtling towards sure doomsday. The family itself is a telling commentary of the society we live in today. The glum environment may well be the product of a blended marriage with the children having to bear the brunt of a forced step-relationship over which they have no control. The novel highlights the role of children in the scheme of things in the present world. They are more sober, more sensitive, and the target consumers for marauding marketers, reflectively symbolic of the novel's mock surprise towards anything natural and tendency towards more sensitivity and sobriety found among kids rather than the grown ups. Nonetheless, they are warned of the isolation and discomfiture that are sure to follow them soon, by professors at the college. DeLillo's novels have the uncanny effect of touching upon raw nerves. They delve into the not so distant past, hover over the present, and eerily strike at the future bang on target. Written in 1985 with an industrial disaster as background, the "White Noise" draws parallel with the Union Carbide tragedy in Bhopal in 1984, and attempts to rub some sensitivity into a nation benumbed with excessive materialism and prosperity. The United States' prominent world supremacy is akin to the arrogance of Hitler minus the despotic adventurism. Typically, responsibility and control can go to the computer programs. In the quest for comfort and an easy lifestyle, the increasing tendency to fulfill every wish at the press of a button is so pervasive that it is treated as an irritant if the situation turns out to be otherwise. With the Gladney family as the background, "White Noise" goes on to reach out and catch the big picture of the industrial accident and its consequent aftermath when the evacuation lasting nine days causes seemingly endless traffic snarls and panicky inhabitants taking whatever route and protection available to escape the doomed city. News of the impending disaster after the first tentative information about the leak instinctively thrust the population nonchalantly towards their favorite supermarkets. It is only after the death of a man during inspection, and a night of "airborne toxic event" that the magnitude of the disaster sinks in

Global corporate marketing strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global corporate marketing strategies - Essay Example RBS has taken this formidable step as many international banks are focusing on Chinese security market for growth. RBS’ is entering the Chinese banking sector with a vision to bring European, US and British companies to China, and allow the investors to gain access to equities and debt of the foreign companies (ICFAI. 2011). China’s entry into World Trade Organization (WTO) in the year 2001 has raised the entry barrier of the overseas investors leading to a flow of investment in the securities and financial market of the country. The banks in China have to operate using the global operating standard in terms of accounting and corporate governance reforms. The large commercial banks like RBS need to follow an increased disclosure requirement in the auditing standard in order to be able to list in public. Recently, riots in China have created an unstable political condition. This has led to foreign companies becoming apprehensive about investing. However, strict measures have been adopted by Chinese Government to restore a safe environment for the investors in the country. The Chinese economy which was reformed and was transformed into a market oriented one since 1978. This economic reform has helped in promoting an environment which has positively affected the individual initiatives and entrepreneurship. The economic condition of China has reduced poverty and has boosted the per capita income of the people to the highest level (Kuijs, 2012). In 2010 China was ranked as the country having second largest economy in the world. For the past 26 years the average economic growth has been sustained at the rate of 9.5% indicating the economy of the country is on rise (Davila, n.d.). The higher economic growth and the national income reflect the feasibility which RBS is seeking in the country for expansion. The country’s present banking industry is worth 14 thousand billion in assets. The following graphs show the GDP growth in China and how the

- Art and Music Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

- Art and Music Appreciation - Essay Example The human form, landscapes and still life were naturalistic, without any attempt to interpret. Because of this rigor, art reached an exquisite level of representation, until the arrival of photography, which did it all in a flash. The door was open to artists to do more than just picture perfectly: they started expressing abstract concepts, and insert their own content into form. Exciting movements such as impressionism, cubism and Dada followed, but artists had to know the rules they were breaking. To understand the limits they were breaking out of, those limits had to be understood. Artists today still need to know classic conventions of perspective, color, slight and shade and so on, in order to break out of them in their own way. In that sense, the conventions are here to stay. Although they do not sound that different to my modern ear, the madrigal by Lassus must have been scandalously witty and playful. Besides, it imitated church music and turned it secular, if not profane. Pious people listening to this music would expect sedate rhythm and pious words. Instead they get different voices tripping over each other and suggestive words! In conservative Europe of the mid-1500s, it would have been outrageous, even though Lassus was a respected Maestro di Cappella. I liked it because the men seem to be smiling as they sang. In any medieval plainchant, you can hear the serious holy intention, like: no funny business, these are God’s songs. I do not know enough music to hear if Lassus used the Devil’s Interval, a note (C and F#) that was not allowed to be played by the strict church of the time, because it gave people too much pleasure. But I think that came later, after about another 200

The Problems and Challenges in Developing Teams Research Paper

The Problems and Challenges in Developing Teams - Research Paper Example This requires extensive group activities and teamwork. Moreover, multinational organizations also require collaborating efforts of people located in a wide variety of geographic locations. Thus teamwork may also constitute people belonging to different nations. Thus it is seen that the overall performance and productivity of organizations fall short in the absence of proper management and development of teams. The present project discusses the situation and condition of teamwork and development at British Airways which is one of the largest airlines in England. The organization has confronted with challenging situations on account of the varying environmental and business conditions but has successfully overcome hurdles through proper and effective teamwork and development. Organizational Analysis- Context and Scenario leading to the problems of Team Roles and Team Development in the organization British Airways demonstrated tremendous failures in its self managed teams during the 19 90s. This is because of the fact that its team members lacked proper people management skills (McCann, â€Å"Introduction†). Following are the details of the context and scenario in British Airways which group work and team development failed. Person Sex Age Position Character AB M 35 Project Manager Autocratic leadership style that reinforces decisions and choices. Sociable, Extrovert. Pays little heed to people’s concerns, issues, views or suggestions CD M 32 Software Developer Highly knowledgeable and skilled worker, friendly yet introverted, conscientious; prefers to interact with computers rather than with people EF M 30 Software Developer Medium level of knowledge of technical aspects, people oriented, quick learner, extrovert and bubbly. Good listener and puts work first and self-aspects later GH M 28 Software Developer Unsociable, prefers to work on his own terms without being guided or directed; Concerned with his won work objectives and individual task accomp lishments rather than the tasks of the group at large. The above table mentions the characteristics of the different team members working under a single project manager. The main implication on the manager is the fact the members differ distinctly from one another in terms of their nature and behaviors. On the other hand, the manager himself displays an authoritarian autocratic style of leadership which members find difficult to handle. The fact that he imposes his own decisions and choices with regards to work activities and strategies is crucial for the team which comprises of members who are adequately knowledgeable and prefers to work as per their own understanding and decisions. Here, arises another problem.  Ã‚  

STRATEGY and OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

STRATEGY and OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Each brand provides a unique blend of performance, reliability, and aesthetics to its customers. Some of its brands, such as the Vostro, Latitude, Precision, and N series are high end performance systems that are targeted towards small, medium, and large businesses. Other brands such as Inspiron, Studio, XPS, Alienware and Adamo cater to home users with different set of requirements. Apart from computers, Dell also manufactures electronic devices such as LCD monitors, keyboards, mice, USB drives, and so on, in support of its computer range. Dell has adopted a combination of Cost Leadership and Differentiation as its generic strategy. The world is becoming an increasingly technology dependent place. Companies throughout the world spend a great portion of their budgets towards Research and Development to offer the customers great value, at the lowest possible price. Dell has been pursuing the same objective as well. With its highly integrated network of suppliers and customers, Dell has been able to sell directly to customers, reducing cost through eliminating wholesalers and retailers from its business model. This had enabled Dell to provide customers with products at the lowest possible prices. However, cost cutting is not the only objective in Dell’s strategy mix. The company constantly strives to provide its customers with high quality, reliability, convenience of purchase, and outstanding after sales service (Treacy & Wiersema, 1993). All these factors, add some value to the customers and, when put together, enables Dell to differentiate its offerings from its long list of competitors. Through its streamlined processes, Dell manages to not only cut costs and charge less from the customers, but also provides them with differentiated, customized computer systems that only few competitors, today, have managed to deliver. All activities of Dell work in collaboration to facilitate its generic strategy. Through technological solutions, Dell

EasyJet - A 'No Frills' Airline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EasyJet - A 'No Frills' Airline - Assignment Example only takes direct deals as opposed to through operators from different air transport organisations is that EasyJet does not give free drinks and beverages, ticketless and just acknowledge direct booking (Business Teacher 2001). The start of EasyJet depended on two leased planes. Whats more, the first destination was Glasgow and dispatched with ultra-ease flights, the publicizing motto is "London to Glasgow, less expensive than a pair of pants!" (Jones 2007). Nowadays, EasyJet has the flight destination all through Europe. EasyJet started being profitable towards the end of the second year. In 1997, the EasyJet was a stable business entity, marked an agreement with Boeing contributing $500 million to purchase new airplane. At first, EasyJet worked with a solitary kind of Boeing 737 (Gronroos 2008). In 2004, EasyJet requested 120 Airbus A319, EasyJet turned into the organisation that using Airbus A319 as principle model in minimal effort carrier organisations. In 2010, the number of travellers using EasyJet reached 49 million, positioned second place in air transport in Europe (Jones 2007). Strategic Business Unit (SBU) have to be focused on fulfilling customers’ needs with a particular end goal to attain to above normal returns, and this is carried out through Business-level strategy (Aaker 2001). Business level methods are elements provide quality to customers and increase a competitive advantage by exploiting SBU, in single market or industry (Aaker 2007). Business-level strategy is concerned with a companys position in an industry, in respect to competitors and the five forces of rivalry (Gronroos 2007). Customers are the central to a company’s business level strategy. Who will be served, what needs must be addressed, and how those needs will be fulfilled by the organisation (Holt 1998). The strategies by porter describe which strategy a company uses in order to gain a competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. The strategies are the cost

Postmodernism and Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Postmodernism and Christianity - Essay Example Thesis Postmodernism odds with religion as it unveils realities of life, it is ironic and playful in contrast to dogmatic and strict religious rules. Postmodernism is defined as an artistic style emerged in opposition to "modern" traditions: it is more ornamental and ironic. With the rise of academic postmodernism and the growing influence of the political attitudes of the 1960s (both of which actually come after the post-war experimental avant-garde had established many new techniques in the arts), many artists became extraordinarily sensitive about their theoretical, and their political, position. Postmodernism odds with religion because religion rejects its main principles and rules. In this case, an idea of God which gives each of these two alternatives its due, while not succumbing to their temptations (Connor 92). Since the Bible speaks of God in symbols, part of biblical theology's contribution might be to elucidate the meaning of these symbols in our current cultural context. This is the hermeneutical task; to show what the Bible now means by what once it meant. Believers wish to share in the task of thinking towards an ad equate idea of God by undertaking an examination of the symbol "Father" as applied to God in the teaching of Jesus (Bataille and Hurley 43). The term ‘weak’ culture means that people differ in geographical location and in statistical terms. â€Å"Strong† culture means a desire of postmodern artists to make the world realistic. There is no such notion as truth. Postmodernist thought, in attacking the idea of a notional centre or dominant ideology, facilitated the promotion of a politics of difference. Under postmodern conditions, the ordered class politics preferred by socialists has given way to a far more diffuse and pluralistic identity politics, which often involves the self-conscious assertion of a marginalized identity against the dominant discourse (Connor 40). Much feminist thought therefore has in common with postmodernism that it attacks the legitimating metadiscourse used by males, designed to keep them in power, and it seeks an individual empowerment against this. This is the key to creativity in the individual. This evidence for the growth of an individual through the socialization process is neglected by 'social construction' theorists of the self (Bataille and Hurley 88). The cultural context of the father figure is lively and confused. The father and Jesus is the source of all morals and religion; every human being must work through his or her relationship to the father on the way to maturity. Religion and morals are merely ways in which the repressed memory of this deed finds expression. Thus the dead and repressed father, whose figure each one of us internalizes and thereby makes into a source of authority, is more powerful than the living one. However, the father may not be as central to our psychic life. He regards the vanishing of the father as the outcome of a long process, which can be traced in art and literature (Connor 39). Postmodernists critique foundational approaches to language and often attempt to reconceptualize objectivity rather than to reject it entirely or to replace it with subjectivity. Such reconceptualization

Anti-Cancer Drug Screening in Vitro Essay Example for Free

Anti-Cancer Drug Screening in Vitro Essay Introduction: The incidences of cancer remain high despite advances in our understanding of cancer. Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out of control cell growth. Normal cells are constantly subject to signals that control whether the cell should divide, differentiate into another cell or die. Cancer cells develop a degree of independence from these signals, which results in uncontrolled growth and proliferation. If this proliferation is allowed to continue and spread, it can be fatal (1). Almost 90% of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis – the complex process of tumor spread through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. The emergence of genomic technologies holds therapeutic potential for personalized cancer management. Personalized cancer management combines standard chemotherapy and radiation treatments with genomic profiling and in vitro cell proliferation studies. Individualized genomic profiling allows the researcher to identify specific genes that contribute to unregulated cellular mechanisms that normally control cellular growth. By determining the molecular profile of a specific cancer, suitable treatment can be considered that target those gene products (2). Cultured cancer cells have the capacity to dramatically exceed normal doubling times to almost indefinite levels, unlike normal cells. HeLa cells are a great example of this. One of the most widely used continuous cell lines in research is the HeLa cell line, which was derived in 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a cervical caner patient in 1951. These cells continue to grow and proliferate in hundreds of laboratories across the world to this day. These cancer cells have been called ‘Immortal’ as they have bypassed the senescence regulators within the cell and acquired the capacity for unlimited division. Measurement of cell viability and proliferation forms the basis for numerous in vitro assays of a cell population’s response to external factors. The reduction of tetrazolium salts is now widely accepted as a reliable way to examine cell p roliferation. MTT viability assays is based on the ability of a mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme from viable cells to cleave the tetrazolium rings of the pale yellow MTT and form a dark blue formazan crystals, which is largely impermeable to cell membranes, thus resulting in its accumulation within healthy cells. The resulting  intracellular purple formazan can be solubilized and quantified by a spectrometer and is then subject to examination to evaluate cell viability. These measurements can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments to cells. These anti-cancer drugs in vitro allows drugs to be tested against live cells which helps determine drug effectiveness and side effects. Cell proliferation, also known as cell growth, cell division, or cell replication is the basic process through which cells form new cell. Cell proliferation is the increase in cell number as a result of cell division and growth. The quantification of cellular growth, including proliferation and viability, has become an essential tool in any laboratory working on cell-based studies. These techniques enable the optimization of cell culture conditions, and the determination of growth factor and cytokine activity. Even more importantly, the efficiency of therapeutic agents in drug screening, the cytostatic potential of anticancer compounds in toxicology testing, and cell-mediated toxicity can be assessed when quantifying cell growth (3). This practical is designed to evaluate the sensitivity and response of putative anti-cancer drugs using a modified anti-proliferative drug assay. Using a modified MTT drug assay, the sensitivity and response of anti-cancer drugs can be determined. In this blind trial, three unlabeled drugs are tested to discover their properties. The trial of these drugs was carried as a blind trial to insure that the results obtained with unbiased. Results In this practical, we were given three drugs. One of the drugs had no known anti-cancer properties; one was a known chemotherapeutic agent and the third was a mystery drug with putative anti-cancer properties. The HeLa cells were also treated with a no-drug, medium-only control. The objective of the study was to identify the nature of the unlabeled drugs. The identities of these three drugs were unknown in order to make the experiment a blind trial. Doing the study as a blind trial allowed any bias data to be avoided in data interpretation (2). Calculations: From the raw data obtained column 0 acts as the control, this column contains the HeLa cells but no drug, and is used to see if the unknown drugs A,B and  C have an effect on the viability of HeLa cells. The last row on the 96 well plates contained no HeLa cells and acted as a reference to observe whether column 0 contained living cells. When the absorbance value for column 0 was similar to the no cell value, that data set would be ignored, as this would indicate no cells were present in column 0 which would have been invalid as column 0 contained medium only. This method was applied when choosing appropriate data sets for data interpretation. Discussion: In this study we were given three drugs. One of the drugs had no known anti-cancer properties, one had a known chemotherapeutic agent and the third was a mystery drug with putative anti-cancer properties. The objective of this blind trial study was to identify the nature of these unlabeled drugs.  By observing the overall averages from the results (Table 1 Figure 1) we can conclude that drug A had the highest percentage cell viability out of the three drugs. The percentage value of A is similar to the percentage value of the control (0). The control consisted of a medium-only solution and not meant to effect the cell viability of HeLa cells at all, this implies that Drug A has no anti-cancer properties and has little effect on the HeLa cells viability. From this data we can conclude that Drug A was the drug with no known anti-cancer properties (negative control). By observing the percentage cell viability of drug B, we can conclude that drug B had the smallest cell viability value that was close to 0%. Small percentage viability indicates that there is a reduction in cell proliferation occurring in the HeLa cell line, however 0% cell viability would indicate that there are no viable cells in the well, meaning there was a complete reduction in cell proliferation. Lack of cell proliferation means an absence of mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity to metabolize MTT into its results purple formazan, producing a lower absorbance value (4). From this we can conclude that drug B has anti-cancer properties as it had a large negative effect on HeLa cell viability. By observing drug C, we can determine that drug C also has a relatively low percentage cell viability value. This would indicate that drug C, like drug B, has a negative effect on cell viability, meaning it causes a reduction in cell proliferation in HeLa cells. From this we can conclude that Drug C also had anti-cancer properties as it had a negative effect on HeLa cell viability. At this point, two drugs have yet to be identified, Drug B and Drug C. Both Drug B and Drug C have anti-cancer properties, shown by their low cell viabilities values. A positive control will be a drug that will give a large cell viability percentage. From this, we would conclude that Drug B was the positive control with a chemotherapeutic agent leaving Drug C to be the mystery drug. However we cannot accept this without actually knowing what the mystery drugs anti-cancer properties are. The mystery drug could have stronger anti-cancer properties than the positive control. In this scenario, Drug B would be the mystery drug as it observed the lowest cell viability, making it the most effective against cancer cells. For this reason, we cannot accurately identify drugs B and C without more information about the mystery drug. However if we accept that the mystery drug has a smaller  effect on cancer cells than the positive control, we would then conclude that Drug B is the positive control and Drug C is the mystery drug. If we observe the overall data used to calculate the average cell viability percentages for each drug, we can see there are values higher than 100% and values lower than 0% (negative values). Values higher than 100% would indicate that there are more viable cells present in drug A compared to our control. Since we know drug A has no effect on the cancer cells, we would expect the cell viability of drug A to be similar to the control. These anomalies could be due to cell proliferation in the drug A column, meaning the HeLa cells grew and divided to create new cells, meaning the number of cells in column A increased, resulting in a higher absorbance value, due to the increase in MTT reduction. A higher absorbance value in the no cell row compared to the drug B column results in a negative value. Absorbance values that are lower than the control cells indicate a reduction in the rate of cell proliferation. Conversely a higher absorbance rate indicates an increase in cell proliferation. Values lower than 0% would indicate that there are fewer cells present in the drug B wells compared to the no cell wells. This could be due to human error where cells where accidently transferred due to poor lab technique, or been caused by a high absorbency of the buffer used in the no cell row. In this study, the reduction of the MMT is used to estimate cell viability and proliferation. However recent studies have shown that superoxide can also reduce tetrazolium salts, such as MTT. Therefore studies investigating the cytological effect of HeLa cells may encounter misleading results when using MTT to measure viability proliferation. This is because MTT assays may yield inaccurate results due to the increase in superoxide formation in cultured HeLa cells (7). This kind of limitation may have played apart in this study and could have caused our abnormal values discussed in the paragraph above. To overcome this limitation, we could use different techniques to measure cell viability. One way of assessing cytotoxicity is by cell integrity. Compounds that have cytotoxic effects, such as the drugs we are investigating, often compromise cell membrane integrity. An example of this method is a Tryphan Blue exclusion test (10). This exclusion test can be used to determine the number of viable cells present in a cell suspension. It is based on the principle that viable cells have intact cell membranes that are impermeable to dyes,  such a trypan blue, whereas dead cells do not. In this test, a cell suspension is mixed with the tryphan blue dye and then visually examined to determine whether cells take up or exclude the dye (11). A viable cell will have a clear cytoplasm whereas a dead cell will have a blue cytoplasm. Tryphan blue is not affected by superoxide formation so will yield more accurate results than the MTT assay. The problems that arise from dye exclusion tests is that they are operator depend and are subject to human error. Another way of assessing cell viability via membrane integrity is by using fluorescent DNA binding dyes such as SYBR Green I (10). SYBR Green I is a fluorescent dye used as a nucleic acid dye. SYBR Green I binds to DNA and the resulting DNA-dye-complex absorbs blue light and emits green light (9). This is based on the principle that an increase in cell proliferation will cause an increase of DNA in the cell suspension. More SYBR Green 1 will bind to the DNA and more green light will be observed under blue light.

Recovery From Acute Stroke

Recovery From Acute Stroke This assignment will concentrate on how team of different health professionals will help Alfred (from the case study) on his journey of recovery from acute stroke. The following health professionals may be required to team up in order to help Alfred on his journey to recover: Physiotherapist( help tackle weakness or paralysis), Orthotist (help with muscle function by supporting limbs with braces), Occupation Therapist (help on day-to-day activities), Speech and language therapist (tackles the damage done to communication skills), Dietician (provide advice on eating a healthy diet), psychiatrist (help with emotional difficulties), optician (can recommend aids such eye patch), Social worker (to deal with his welfare and that of his mother), Radiographer (to deal with scans) and Doctor (refers Alfred to all other professionals and prescribe treatment) (Stroke Association, 2010). The team will try to lower and stabilise the condition, prevent from reoccurring and support Alfred to do things which he cannot do by himself. First, will highlights different s key skills needed by interprofessional, then will identify and talk about different factors that may influence care plan received by Alfred. Furthermore different organisational structures which will affect the care plan received by Alfred will be discussed. Also elaboration of different codes of conducts and how will help different professions to do their job effectively. Never the less there will be highlights of different legislations and will show how they deliver care plan for the service user. An interprofessional team is a type of multicultural environment, in which the unique cultures of professions, departments, agencies and disciplines come together for common purpose (Martin Rogers 2004). According to Wade et al., (1985), the health professional team is to help the patient to return to normal physical, social and emotional state whenever possible. Highlight key skills that you think your profession and other professions possess that positively assists Alfred on his journey towards recovery? Professional need to have shared skills based on common overview and clearer knowledge of different perspectives of patient and other professionals (Keene, 2001). There are many share skills in multidisciplinary team but today only few will explained. The team will need good communication to help Alfred to know his future health rehabilitation and personal centred care which will enable to empower and offer him a degree of his control regarding the care he receives from all professionals. It is also important for disciplinary groups to communicate within each other to ensure continuity of care and monitor Alfreds progress in all aspect of his life. In relation to communication, it is important that Alfred is regularly assessed to ensure that effective care plan is put in place. Along with care plan goals and measures are incorporated this is to offer motivation to Alfred and highlights any area of extra support which will be required. During the assessment progress problems will also be highlighted e.g. what type of Occupation Therapy equipment will be needed, checking if his medication working effectively, if he receives enough required support such as day centre access, benefits and diet requirements. Identify and discuss a number of different factors that may influence/impinge upon the care package received by Alfred, e.g. values, altitudes, beliefs and issues of equality and how these may affect your decision making. Concerns regarding Alfreds life style in terms of value, believes and altitude has to be considered within his care package due to the effects it has on his health. Patient must be treated with respect and should not be discriminated in anyway. Issues like smoking will be attempted to be addressed as advised will be offered along with counselling, to help Alfred reduce his smoking. Professions should help Alfred without influencing or discriminating against his smoking habit. Alfred care plan can also be affected due to stress regarding his mother hill health, therefore it will be considered to provide care to his mother. Alfred will also be encouraged to socialise with his old friend and restart activities such as dart as part of his rehabilitation. This will be decided due to his passion for dart and provide an incentive to stop smoking. Alfred care plan will also contain a strong routine; this decision was influenced with the fact that, Alfred lived a sedentary life style before his stroke. Identify and discuss how the different structures within organisations can affect the care received by Alfred? In order for Alfred to receive a positive experience of his care it is important that the care groups are governed by different structures. These structures can be more formal and legal by structure to that of informal and less professional approach of volunteers (Wade et al., 1985). E.g. volunteer groups are general selected on their basis of liability and interest, while groups like National Health Services (NHS) employ people based on qualification, knowledge and ability. Those who work in volunteered centre are usually provided with very basic training, whilst professional worker by law and regulations have to be training more intensively and adequately to provide service. Volunteer groups are very valuable to Alfred care as they can offer a more personal approach and helping to build a more friendly relationship which will help release stress and concerns to Alfred. Professional buddies are less likely to achieve due to restrictions with time and resources. Together all these organisations will help to provide Alfred with a more complete care package. Things that will affect Alfred recovery will be, not been able to communicate affectively, time management and poor attendance within organisation. How do the different codes of conduct support you and the wider team to deliver care and treatment to Alfred? Codes of conducts are very important principle of health care which provides good structure to all persons and organisations. They provide a core element on what should be covered and achieved when providing support. According to HPC (2008), all health professionals are under duty to put the patients first, this must be demonstrated by all team members when they work to fulfil the common goal which is to help Alfred on his journey to recover. Confidentiality should be maintained by keeping all Alfreds health-related records private and keep them in safe locked cupboard all the time. Alfred has the right to know his financial and medical information will be looked after and he will be informed if that privacy is breached. Multidisciplinary team members must respect Alfreds rights to refuse treatment or a treatment option, if he may wish to do so. E.g. Alfred may refuse the exercise routine which has been prescribed by his physician, if he thinks the routine is too much for him. Alfred must be treated with courtesy and respect regardless his belief, values and diversity. What examples of different legislation might you have to pay due regard to in the delivery of care of Alfred? The followings are few of legislations that will apply in Alfreds case; Health and Safety Act 1974, Equality Act 2010 and Data Protection Act 1998. For the team to perform Health and Safety Professionals must make sure that Alfreds is in safe environment all time by carrying out risk assessments, due to these assessments the team will identify what might cause harm to Alfred and all the key people around him. There must be a first Aid kit available in the premises, all professionals must put on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) whenever needed and report all incidents might occur. All professionals and other people who look after him must be trained to use particular equipments when performing a particular task (Health and Safety Act 1974). According to Equality Act 2010, all profession will need to treat Alfred without any judgement or any discrimination against any belief that he has. Team need to maintain democracy and peoples right in order to provide equal rights to Alfreds. Alfreds self esteem and confidence must be kept to the level and try not to make him feel isolated or psychological stressed. According to Data Protection Act, 1998, people must protect against misuse of information about them. Alfreds data should be kept safe and prevented from unauthorised access and against loss accident damage or total destruction. The Professional team must provide and maintain confidentiality in Alfreds data records all the time. Conclusion The multidisciplinary team collaborated effectively because they were all client orientated and passionate with what they were doing. They all cared about Alfreds needs. All multidisciplinary team members had different perspective and different opinions individually but they all had one aim, to help Alfred through his journey of recovering. They all had say and fair participation in Alfreds care, although all professionals came from different departments of health organisation, all of them had sharing skills which helped them to understand each other and focus on Alfreds needs. The multidisciplinary team provided quality care by followed all codes of conducts and put all required legislations in place for caring of Alfred. All multidisciplinary team members got strength and weakness in some area however they all looked after each other, from Consultants, Nurses, Occupation Therapies, Radiographers, Social workers and Health social cares. All managed to keep on focussing on helping Al fred, by preventing his condition to worsening, concentrated on caring for Alfreds health and social needs, stabilised and supported him to do things which he couldnt manage to do them by himself in the feature and finally to complete his journey for recovery.

Colonization On Hauora For Maori Sociology Essay

Colonization On Hauora For Maori Sociology Essay Analyze means answering who are the focus of the research Maori, what is the research all about Impact of Colonisation, why does the researcher want to do that (in-depth understanding of Maori culture especially nowadays), how does the researcher carry out the research (sampling strategies), and when or the timeline of the research (from the date the researcher started the research which is March 14, 2013 until April 3, 2013 which is the day before the deadline). Sample is a term used to refer a subset of your population by which you choose to be contributors in your research. Sampling is choosing a portion of the population, in your research area which will be the illustration of the entire population. Strategy is the plan you set forth to ensure that the sample you use in your research study models the population from which you drew your sample. Tikanga is originated from the Maori word tika which means correct. Therefore, it generally means the way of Maori in doing things and frequently based on experience and learning that has been passed through generations. It is also based on logic and common sense linked with a Maori world view. Quota is conveniently selected according to pre-specified characteristics precise to the research topic. Area sampling is basically multistage sampling in which maps rather than lists or registers function as the sampling frame. Task 2 Implement sampling strategies for the collection and collation of information about the impact of colonization on hauora Maori. 2.1 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with kaupapa Maori Kaupapa Maori means Maori are significant participants. Therefore, in accordance with Kaupapa Maori, the implemented sampling strategies in the research are Tikanga, Quota, and Area. First, Area Sampling was used as an initial assessment wherein a geographical area or region is selected by the researcher for the population then confers with a local iwi and Kaumata regarding the Tikanga Maori. Second, Quota Sampling Strategy is used to limit how many participants from a specific demographic are permitted to participate in the research. For instance, 10 000 Maori aged 16-65 years old from Auckland area were allowed to be part of the Rheumatic Fever Research regarding the incidence of Rheumatic Fever in the Maori Population. 2.2 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with local iwi or hapu requirements. Tikanga As the environment modifies or as a new situation occurs, Tikanga are depicted or devised to impart particular context responses for it yields repositories of cultural knowledge that can be utilized to endow ethical deliberations. Furthermore, it yields a framework through which Maori can actively participate with Ethical issues and acknowledge the effect of research may have on their values and relationships. Therefore, it is vital to mold the process and outcomes of the research around Tikanga for it illustrates how will be an interviewer perform their research in the Maori world such as Kanohi Ki Te Kanohi and Hakawhanaungatanga, and have regards with Mana and tapu. Literally, Kanohi Ki Te Kanohi denotes face-to-face which means in the context of research it indicates being prepared to show one face and share oneself. To come up a feasible outcome of a research the researchers must be able to fully trust those who will execute the study in analysis, interpretation, reporting and distribution of the data generating opportunities for people to be acquainted with enough. It is essential then for the researchers to front up in the communities. Moreover, allocating time and space to establish relationships called Hakawhanaungatanga is essential towards genuine connection and upholding both parties Mana, which denotes power, authority or prestige. In Kaupapa research, it is essential not to abrade the Mana of the people by being accountable to the information given to them for they are being trusted from a Maori perspective. Furthermore, in the context of research when trying to manage, organize, analyze and interpret the concepts of datas generate, i t is noteworthy to discuss the sanctity of a person called Tapu for each korero or communication is instilled with Tapu. Therefore, the Tapu of the person must be respected when their words merged with other in acquiring a meaning from a collective body of knowledge. For instance, the intentional lack of distance between the interviewer and the participant is an example of respecting Tapu for it is the acknowledgment of the Tapu nature of the information being shared. Therefore, for interviewers should not guarantee what one cannot deliver. Be objective to identify the limitations of knowledge and understanding. Retain openness and honesty. Be candid lucid about what will occur with the gathered data portray possibilities. Be rational of what will be achieved and be dedicated in supporting and making positive changes to the community. Take into account that Maori culture is based on holistic view of life and the world. Quota sampling In quota sampling, the researcher limits the number of the participants to take in the research. It is also utilized to track the number of participants who meet a certain condition. For instance, 10 000 Maori between the age of 16 and 65 years old from Auckland area were allowed to be part of the Rheumatic Fever Research regarding the incidence of Rheumatic Fever in the Maori Population. However, Maori individuality and willingness to participate should be recognized through Whakarama meaning informed consent (e.g. Consent form). Area After the researcher selected a region or area for the research, consultation with whanau, local iwi, local hapu, Kaumatua, Maori providers and Maori groups of that selected region or area is vital. For consultation is an eye opener to the researcher regarding the cultural considerations when doing home visit for Kanohi ki te Kanohi, a Maori term used to refer a face-to-face interview. Therefore, the researcher becomes more culturally safe and considerate to the Maori when conducting home visit for he/she knows the notions of cultural and social responsibility and respect for Maori such as removing shoes at doors, introducing oneself, recognizing the Maori individuality and their willingness to participate in the research via Whakarama which is a Maori term for informed consent such as signing form, listening (Whakarongo), observing and paying attention to the opening and closing Karakia, a Maori term for incantations and prayers. Moreover, allocate time and space to establish relati onships called Hakawhanaungatanga. Therefore, do not be in a rush for setting rapport and observe Manaakitanga, which means acknowledging the Maori participants who have been interviewed and ensuring the Mana of both parties is upheld by bringing food for sharing. Manaakitanga is also correlated with notions of cultural and social responsibility, and respect for people by ensuring the Maori names and places are written and pronounced properly. Task 3 3.1 The impact of colonisation on hauora at regional and national level is analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori Regional: One impact of colonization for Maori at regional level was diseases which were brought in to New Zealand by the European colonizers such as Whooping cough, Influenza, Measles and Smallpox which were the chief reason why Maori population dropped to about 40% in 1890 for they did not have immunities and resistance as well as absence of cure towards these newly-introduced diseases. Moreover, they had bordered access to reasonably priced and healthy food as well as reduced understanding of health and nutrition that raised their risks of chronic disease. National The impact of colonization for Maori at national level was enormously devastating because European colonizers set new laws that suit them and disregarded Ture, meaning Maori laws. Then, there was one specific European law which entitled Maori the rights to vote but they were not allowed to possess their own land that lead to land confiscation. Therefore, landless Maori lost their sense of belonging and identity for they believe that their genealogy is founded from which mountain they bow to, what river/ lake or sea they nourish from, what marae havens them, what sub-tribe they put on the cloak of and what tribe they will one day stand to battle for. They also underwent reduced access to and utilize of traditional resources from the mountains, rivers, lakes and seas which have been degraded and polluted due to intensification of economic activity and the accelerating pace of urban development. Alongside that, development has jeopardized the cultural heritage of Maori in spite of some protections. For instance, many sites of cultural, spiritual, and historical importance have been transformed or even demolished. Therefore, the tangata whenua have had to fight hard to keep even a faint shadow of the tino rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga they exercised at the time the Treaty was signed. Native Hawaiians Regional: The impact of colonization at regional level for Native Hawaiians was also new diseases that brought in to the islands by the colonizers such as Whooping cough, Influenza, Measles and Smallpox which annexed every region of Hawaii and nearly eradicated its indigenous people who did not have immunities and resistance as well as absence of cure towards these newly-introduced diseases. Therefore, this was the shattering point in terms of the population, race and passing on the Native Hawaiian tradition to the next generation. National: The impact of colonization at national level for Native Hawaiians were chaotic governmental and religious systems because the top monarchy women at the time who were Hewahewa, Keopuolani, and Kaahumanu wrecked and reversed the Ai Kapu meaning religious laws Hawaiians formerly believed. Therefore, Native Hawaiians, who were left uncertain of what to do about their religion and had never practiced previously the things that missionaries stated in their messages to all of the Hawaiians, were curious, intrigued, listened and adapted Christianity. Thus, they became aware of a single god who they had never perceived or contemplated before, and they had set up governmental system of laws again that helped them in getting the people back to order and to replace the Kapu that had been wrecked as well as daily and monthly calendar, religious holidays, and the time concept. Therefore, it is evident that Christianity is the dominant religion nowadays in Hawaiian society. 3.2 The impact of colonisation on the cultural base and the effects these have on health are analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori Customs and Language: Maori customs and language were majority assimilated by Western colonizers during and after colonization. Because of assimilation policy, the young Maori generations were detached from their Kaumatau, whanau, hapu and iwi. Therefore, the elderly knowledge, teachings and customs were diminished in the community. Moreover, in the decades following the signing of the Treaty, the number of native speakers diminished to the point where the language was in danger of extinction because it became illegal to convey Te reo particularly in schools so Maori children were being punished if they expressed themselves in their native language. Therefore, these punishments had negatively affected the mental health and psychological health of the Maori children. However, in the last 20 years, Government has supported Maori efforts to restore Te Reo through kura kaupapa (schools) and Kohanga reo (preschool language nests). Furthermore, the Kaupapa research and Tikanga Best Practice were commenced to guide the health care providers in primary and secondary particularly the General Practitioners because many Maori use English for daily basis but healthcare providers and GPs may meet older Maori who communicates only Te reo, and younger Maori who claim their rights to communicate in their own language. Thus, healthcare providers and GPs should also have knowledge of accessible translation services in their region and should learn how to articulate Maori words properly so they can engage fully with Maori patients and develop the chance of creating a powerful therapeutic relationship. This can also decrease their lack of knowledge about Maori customs and language that can affect on providing health services in flourishing outcomes because they are knowledgeable about often misinterpreted Tapu and noa which are profound concepts for these are perceived as underpinnings of a system of public health in which social and spiritual health are associated with elements of physical health. Additionally, Maori are failing younger than PÄ keha for they are more socially disadvantaged, poorer, and are less likely to obtain help so the government focuses on recovering the physical wellbeing of Maori as well as psychological perspectives. Therefore, Whanau Ora Strategy, Maori Health strategy, and District Health Board (DHB) were commenced as well as New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 that acknowledges the Treaty of Waitangi, by obliging the District Health Boards to recover the health outcomes of Maori. Lifestyle: In according with the civilization and urbanization, the lifestyles of Maori revolutionize too far from old traditions and assimilated the Western lifestyle such as fast food enjoyment so their physical health is negatively affected for they are at high risks of non-communicable disease. Moreover, the Kaumatua tend to have less contact with younger generations so the gap between these two generations widens that leads to the loss of their identity, psychological and spiritual health. Native Hawaiians Customs and Lifestyle: Modifications in the environment as a result of colonization and westernization have been dramatic when compared with traditional indigenous life ways. For instance, they have assimilated the Western lifestyle such as fast food enjoyment so their physical health is negatively affected for they are at high risks of non-communicable diseases. Moreover, their risks of non-communicable diseases further as their physical activities decrease due to transport system which is one product of urbanization. However, their spiritual health and psychological health have progressed because they believed that Christianity has helped them in the right direction after embracing it. Therefore, they have become aware of a single god who they had never perceived or contemplated before, and their wrecked and reversed Ai Kapu, meaning religious laws Hawaiians believed, have been replaced as well as their daily and monthly calendar, religious holidays, and the time concept. Therefore, it is evident that Ch ristianity is the dominant religion nowadays in Hawaiian society so Christianity has a positive effect on the spiritual and psychological health of the Native Hawaiians. Language: It also became illegal for Native Hawaiians to express themselves in their own native language which was prohibited from being taught as a second language due to 1896 law that obliged English to be the solitary medium and base of instruction in all private and public schools so Hawaiian children were being punished if they did speak their own native language. Therefore, these punishments had negatively affected the mental health and psychological health of the Native Hawaiians children. 3.3 Contemporary issues affecting hauora as a result of the colonization process are analyzed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori Health legislation and legislative processes: The New Zealand government commenced Maori Health strategy, and District Health Board (DHB) as well as New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 to acknowledge the Treaty of Waitangi by obliging the District Health Boards to recover the health outcomes of Maori through enabling them to contribute in decision-making and to partake in the service delivery associated with health and disability. Tribal claims to national government: Minister Michael Cullen signed a settlement deed with seven central North Island tribes in 2008 Treaty Negotiations. Therefore, over  $400 million worth of accumulated rentals and state forest land were transferred to these seven tribes but this agreement includes only financial redress, on account against inclusive settlements to be discussed with each tribe. Moreover, a formal Crown apology for breaches of the Treaty and acknowledgment of the groups cultural associations with diverse sites as well as altering the official place names are contained too. Establishment of national indigenous protest movement and organisation: When the Maori Party was established on 7 July 2004 by Tariana Turia and Pita Sharples, the revival of fading Maori culture was stirred to an extent of alarm for several sector of New Zealand society due to the court judgement positioning that some MÄ ori appeared to have the right to get official tenure of a particular portion of Marlborough Sounds seabed. Moreover, this party supports tax reductions, heritage studies in all schools, 60 years of age as retirement age for Maori, and most of all Maori tenure of the seabed and the foreshore Therefore, the establishment of Maori Party has been a giant leap for Maori in reviving their fading culture. Native Hawaiians

Learning to Breathe :: Personal Narrative Breathing Medical Papers

Learning to Breathe Up until a few years ago, I used to think it was silly when I would complain to someone about something trivial and they would say to me, â€Å"At least you have your health†--as if that were supposed to be some kind of consolation. I guess I thought I’d always be healthy and besides, at eighteen years old, you don’t really consider or plan around it when looking at your future. There’s school, love life, social life, and work—no room for bad health, really. I had always just considered my health to be somewhere ticking along in the background, until I reached the magical age of forty, when it would totally fail and I would start to experience all those awful things that happen to you when you get â€Å"old†. I’m trying to say that I pretty much took my health for granted. My life felt perfect at the time. It was a few weeks before Christmas of my freshman year in college. I had a wonderful boyfriend, tolerable job, only tw o finals left to take, and all of my Christmas shopping done. Breathing was pretty much the last thing on my mind†¦until that snowy night in December. It was a night that started like any other night. My department store job at Sears left much to be desired, but the pay was alright. As expected for an evening in a mall during the Christmas season, the store was like a madhouse and the customers behaved as though they should be committed to one. Around seven p.m., I got a bit overwhelmed with all the festivities, so I found a quiet corner in the back of my department, sat down in the floor, and began to fold sweaters. I folded for what seemed like forever. As I kept leaning over to place sweaters on the display, I found it was becoming harder and harder to move my right arm. I mostly ignored this, chalking it up to zero sleep and long hours at work, until I happened to look up and see that all the clothing in the store had become one big blur. Wow, I thought to myself, I must be really tired. I blinked and decided to take a break.

Neil Postmans Technopoly Essay -- Neil Postman Technopoly Essays Pape

Neil Postman, writer, educator, critic and communications theorist, has written many books, including Technopoly. Mr. Postman is one of America's most visible cultural critics, who attempts to analyze culture and history in terms of the effects of technology on western culture. For Postman, it seems more important to consider what society loses from new technology than what it gains. To illustrate this, Postman uses the Egyptian mythology called "The Judgment of Thamus," which attempts to explain how the development of writing in Egyptian civilization decreases the amount of knowledge and wisdom in the society. He traces the roots of technology to show how technology impacts the moral and intellectual attitude of people. Postman seems to criticize societies with high technologies, yet he seems naive to the benefits technology has given society. Postman can be considered fairly conservative in his views regarding technology. His lucid writing style stimulates thoughts on issues in tod ay's technological society; however because of his moral interpretations and historical revisions, his ethos is arguable. For every good insight he makes, he skips another mark completely. Postman divides history into three types. He begins his argument with discussion of tool-using cultures. In these cultures, technology has an "ideological bias" to action that is not thought about by users. He says that this is a time of "logic, sequence, objectivity, detachment, and discipline," where historical figures such as Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, and others clung to the theology of their age. This was a world with God, which was concerned with truth and not power. Postman remarks that the mass production of books and the invention of the printing pre... ... Review. v42 n18 (Sept. 14, 1992) Copyright National review Inc. :58. Lubar, Steven." Engines of Change: The American Industrial Revolution 1790-1860." Smithsonian Institution. http://www.si.sgi.com/organiza/museums/nmah/homepage/docs/engin10.htm ( 1986). Mack, John. Out of Many, v 2, Prenther- Hall, Inc (1995) : 405-423. Moulthrop, Stuart. "Very Like a Book" Wired Subscribe. Wired ventures LTD.http://www.hotwired.com/wired/3.11/departments/moulthrop.if.html (1995). Ravvin, David. "Without Judgement or Morality, Technology becomes God" (I couldn't connect on-line so couldn't get the addess again when I went to do it- it kept saying the file was not found). Star, Alexander. "Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology." New Republic. v207 n5 (July 27, 1992):59. Weir, Stuart. Nation. v255, n6 ( Aug. 31, 1992) The Nation Company Inc.: 216.

Business Ethics and the Chinese Market Essay -- Business Ethics Essays

I believe that standard business ethics cannot be possible internationally. Culture varies from society to society. The change in culture varies due to various reasons it depends on economic and legal factors. Political and legal factors play a vital role and that differentiate from one culture to another that is why I believe that business ethics can never be universal. Considering the example of China where government put a check on online information. Google has a big concern over the Chinese market because many web pages were blocked within that region. Culture also have great influence in emerging economies as it can be observed that in many countries offering expensive gifts in corporate world is consider as bribe especially in United States or Canada while in few countries it is ethically acceptable. Here, sharing expensive gifts even to politician in power is illegal but companies provide them as a bribe otherwise they will not receive any favors from the government. To run smooth business it is important to not to have any barriers for that company avail this option of gifting bribe to high officials even the foreign corporation does not hesitate to follow this same practice. Chinese is suppose to be as the big market, which helps in generating revenues because of this reason Google had to change their ethical rules for China, and has to follow their rules and Chinese government also did not them to lose. The role of cooperation is to establish a relation of profit that creates a support to their investors. The rules and laws of the corporation follows the sets, which are made by National Government of the country where they are operating however, they do not mainly play a role in changing the ethics of the c... ...ucious%20connection%20120505%20science%20direct.pdf). Cox, T., and Blake, C. (1991). Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive vol. 5 (3). Retrieved from (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4165021?uid=3738832&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101348728463). Hitt, M., Lee, H., and Yumel, E. (2002). The Importance of Social Capital to the Management of Multinational Enterprises: Relational Networks among Asian and Western Firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management vol. 19 (2). Retrieved from (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1016247920461?LI=true). Welbourne, P., Harrison, G., and Ford, D. (207). Social Work in UK and the Global Market Recruitment, Practice and Ethical Considerations. International Social Work vol. 5 (1). Retrieved from (http://isw.sagepub.com/content/50/1/27.short). Business Ethics and the Chinese Market Essay -- Business Ethics Essays I believe that standard business ethics cannot be possible internationally. Culture varies from society to society. The change in culture varies due to various reasons it depends on economic and legal factors. Political and legal factors play a vital role and that differentiate from one culture to another that is why I believe that business ethics can never be universal. Considering the example of China where government put a check on online information. Google has a big concern over the Chinese market because many web pages were blocked within that region. Culture also have great influence in emerging economies as it can be observed that in many countries offering expensive gifts in corporate world is consider as bribe especially in United States or Canada while in few countries it is ethically acceptable. Here, sharing expensive gifts even to politician in power is illegal but companies provide them as a bribe otherwise they will not receive any favors from the government. To run smooth business it is important to not to have any barriers for that company avail this option of gifting bribe to high officials even the foreign corporation does not hesitate to follow this same practice. Chinese is suppose to be as the big market, which helps in generating revenues because of this reason Google had to change their ethical rules for China, and has to follow their rules and Chinese government also did not them to lose. The role of cooperation is to establish a relation of profit that creates a support to their investors. The rules and laws of the corporation follows the sets, which are made by National Government of the country where they are operating however, they do not mainly play a role in changing the ethics of the c... ...ucious%20connection%20120505%20science%20direct.pdf). Cox, T., and Blake, C. (1991). Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive vol. 5 (3). Retrieved from (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4165021?uid=3738832&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101348728463). Hitt, M., Lee, H., and Yumel, E. (2002). The Importance of Social Capital to the Management of Multinational Enterprises: Relational Networks among Asian and Western Firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management vol. 19 (2). Retrieved from (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1016247920461?LI=true). Welbourne, P., Harrison, G., and Ford, D. (207). Social Work in UK and the Global Market Recruitment, Practice and Ethical Considerations. International Social Work vol. 5 (1). Retrieved from (http://isw.sagepub.com/content/50/1/27.short).

Five forces for Zappos Essay

The threat of new entrants into the online shoe/apparel market is relatively small due to the fact that Zappos is such an established brand and has specialized their business model. It would be far too expensive for a new company to copy the characteristics of Zappos including their next day delivery and large overhead. The fact that Zappos was losing money initially illustrates this difficulty. Another issue that would create a high barrier to entry is Zappos commitment to the consumer through overnight shipping. Zappos stated that the overnight shipping caused them to leave their warehouses open for the entire day. Any other company would be at a competitive disadvantage if they didn’t match this business practice. In all the way Zappos does business creates too high a barrier to entry for threats of new entry to be high; for that reason we would rate it 2 OF 5. _Substitutes_ We would rate substitutes at 3 OF 5, being that the threat is somewhat average. With the uniqueness of Zappos, not many stores can match such a shopping experience service as Zappos. The reason we ranked the threat of substitutes at 3 of 5 is because there are Brick and Mortar Stores that may be used as substitutes of Zappos. These specialty stores are not up to Zappos standards, but at the same time their specialization with certain products make them a threat to Zappos. The whole person-to-person contact can have a big advantage in terms of customer service. Zappos answers by extraordinary customer service, which really makes the average consumer feel as if they are special and are in contact with a real person. _Rivalry_ The rivalry with existing firms for Zappos is fair, we gave it a rating of 3.5 OF 5. A main competitor for online retail is Amazon; however Amazon recently bought out Zappos. Since their largest competitor is now a sister company, the main competition Zappos faces are highly specialized online retailers – such as Karmaloop and EastBay. These competitors pose a threat to some of Zappos’ sections such as athletic shoes, sporting goods, accessories, and apparel. Both of these sites offer free shipping as well, so that takes away one of Zappos’ main competitive advantages. Zappos still has the premier customer service. Currently their biggest rival is eBay, eBay offers everything that Zappos does, and sometimes at a lower price. However since eBay is an auction site, it cannot guarantee a set price or free shipping like Zappos can. Customer service is where Zappos sets itself apart from its competition, offering a 365 day return policy and 24/7 call center hours based in the US. _Suppliers_ We rated the bargaining power of suppliers at a 5 OF 5 because Zappos has a lot of leverage. A reason behind this is Zappos couldn’t function effectively without a cooperative supplier since they are a distribution company. If the supplier decided that they wanted more money per shipment then Zappos most likely comply. Taking the resources to find new supplies can be very costly. Also, they may not be able to find a supplier that can offer them the same variety of brands and styles that the current supplier does. Another way the supplier has bargaining power is that there are other companies like Amazon or Overstock.com that they could choose to do business with if Zappos isn’t satisfying their needs. The supplier is possibly the most crucial link in the value chain for Zappos and for this reason they have a lot of bargaining power with Zappos. _Customers_ There are two aspects we can look at the bargaining power of customers. (1) Zappos is customer service based and the customers know that. If the  customers lose their power, Zappos may lose customers. (2) Customer’s do not have many direct substitutes. Shoes are a necessity and here are few options like Zappos for buying shoes online. In essence they lose a bit of their power by this fact. Chances are if the customer does not like brick and mortar stores (physical shopping) they will still need to purchase from Zappos but it opens up gap then of which a new entrant may try to take advantage. Keeping both those aspects in mind, the bargaining power of customers can be considered intermediate; thus a rating of 3 OF 5. CONCLUSION Zappos has created a very structural attractive company. There is a lot of room for growth with the recent purchase by Amazon. ‘ZAPPOS FIVE FORCES AND SWOT ANALYSIS’ First prepare a Five Force Analysis of how Zappos operates using Michael Porter’s framework. Provide a short, direct and to the point analysis of each of the five forces as well as a CONCLUSION about the overall structural attractiveness of the industry in which your company operates. Substantiate your analysis with DATA. Secondly, present an overall SWOT analysis of Zappos, discuss the implications of the analysis for future strategic options the company might address. You may use a narrative style or diagram for each of the industry  forces and your SWOT analysis. In all cases you must PROVIDE A SCALE of how you rate each force in terms of its effect on the industry’s competitiveness now and in the future, e.g. High/Medium/Low and Increasing/Decreasing/ Staying the Same. The objective of this case is for you to understand how the choices a company makes about its resources and capabilities will affect its strategic viability.

Level 2 Paediatric Emergency First Aid

CU1514 Paediatric Emergency First Aid 20 pages 1. 1 Identify the responsibilities of a paediatric first aider. I should aim to preserve life, prevent the condition worsening, and promote recovery. Responsibility Description -Remain calm at all timesAppear confident and reassuring -Conduct a scene surveyAssess the situation without Endangering my own life. -Conduct a primary surveyIdentify and assess the extent of the Illness, injury or condition of the casualty. Attend to the needs of otherEnsure their safety and manage children or bystandersbehaviour. -Send for medical helpAmbulance, police or emergency rescue services (as a first aider, I should always stay with the casualty and send someone else to call for help if possible) -Give immediate, appropriate treatmentto preserve life, prevent the condition worsening and promote recovery -Take appropriate precautions to minimise infection Protect yourself and casualty by using appropriate techniques and equipment Arrange for further, qu alified medical attention Transporting the casualty to hospital or arranging for medical examination. -Reporting and recordingVerbal and written records, completing accident and incident reports -Maintaining first aid equipment, including first aid kits Ensure equipment is up-to-date and first aid kits are well stocked -Keeping up-to-date with first aid procedures Take part in regular updating and training 1. 2 Describe how to minimise the risk of infection to self and others.I should do the following to minimise the risk of infection to self and others:- * I should always wash my hands before and after giving first aid treatment * I should always wear disposable gloves for dealing with any first aid situations involving blood or other body fluids (e. g. vomit) * Cover the casualty’s open wounds with appropriate sterile dressings * Make sure my own cuts or sores are adequately covered by plasters * Use appropriate protective equipment where my own safety may be put at risk, e . g. face shields * Dispose of any soiled dressings (e. g. lood soaked), or other first aid materials, in appropriate clinical waste disposal bags. 1. 3 Describe suitable first aid equipment, including personal protections, and how it is used appropriately. First aid equipment usually consists of collection of supplies for administering first aid, minimising the risk of infection and personal protective equipment (PPE). A first aid kit must be easily identifiable and clearly labelled, usually with a white cross on a green background. It is important that first aid equipment is easily accessible and not locked away, it should be clearly signed.The first aid box should be checked regularly to make sure that nothing is damaged and nothing is missing. The contents of a first aid kit may vary slightly depending on the policies and procedures of the setting. Some settings do not use plasters or cleansing wipes because of allergy risks for children. General first and kits should never cont ain medicines of any kind, even basic painkillers. First aiders are not qualified to give medicines to children as they do not know the medical history or any allergies the child may have. A standard first aid kit will usually contain the following: * Sterile dressings of different sizes (e. . sterile gauze pads, eye pads) * Bandages of different types and sizes (e. g. triangular, roller, finger bandages) * Adhesive tape (non-allergenic) * Disposable gloves * Scissors * Tweezers * Safety pins * Disposable face shields * Disposable thermometers 1. 4 Identify what information needs to be included in an accident report/incident record, and how to record it. It is important that all settings complete a specific from to accidents and incidents, these forms are completed for this purpose. * It is a legal requirement * It provides a record in the event of complications (e. . following a head injury). * It informs parents and carers. * It can help to monitor potential hazards in the setting . * It may be required as evidence in suspected cases of abuse of non-accidental injuries. Information should always be recorded clearly and accurately and should be signed and dated by the first aider. Some accident report forms use body diagrams to help in the descriptions of specific injuries, for example, showing exactly where bruising appeared or the particular area where a child feels pain. The main information recorded should include:- Details of the injured or sick child (name, date of birth, main contact details) – Details of the accident or incident (date, time, where it happened) – Details of action of treatment given (what happened, extent of any injuries, treatment given) – Advice of further treatment recommended (e. g. hospital treatment) – Information parents and carers (when and how parents have been contacted) – Signature of the first aider, the date and time. – Information should be written in black pen. 1. 5 Define an infa nt and child for the purposes of first aid treatment.An infant is usually defined as under the age of one year and child from one year to approximately 12 years old. However, some first aid treatment will vary depending on size and weight of casualty and techniques should always be adapted accordingly. 2. 1 Demonstrate how to conduct a scene survey A scene survey involves your initial assessment of the emergency situation and deciding on the priorities of your action. Use your senses to assess what might have happened: * Look for clues (e. g. an empty medicine bottle beside an unconscious child). * Listen to information form others (e. g. ther children telling you what happened). * Smell anything unusual (e. g. gas or other fumes) When conducting a scene survey, you must consider: * Whether I or the casualty are in any danger (e. g. if the building is on fire) * If the casualty has any lie-threatening conditions (e. g. not breathing) * If any bystanders can help you (e. g. other chi ldren or colleagues) * Whether you need to call for further assistance (e. g. ambulance, police or rescue services). Conducting a scene survey helps the first aider to assess the seriousness of the situation and decide on the priorities for action.It also assist in deciding what further help, if any, is required, If there is more than one casualty, then the first aider needs to prioritise treatment, deal with the most serous first and remember that the quietest casualty often needs the most help. In calling for help, the first aider must decide what help is required and how to send for help, some situations may involve sending for emergency services such as ambulance, police or fire and rescue. Other situations may need the assistance of another adult, a colleague, manager or supervisor. 2. 2 Demonstrate how to conduct a primary survey on an infant and child.Once I have conducted a scene survey and decided on your priorities, then a primary survey will provide a more detailed assess ment of the casualty. To do this you must consider DRABC. * DANGER -If you have not already done so, make sure the casualty is safe. * RESPONSE – Ask the casualty ‘Can you hear me? ’ or ‘what happened? ’ If they respond, then you know that they are conscious and breathing and I should remain calm, reassure the casualty and continue with my examination If there is no response, then I should send for help and proceed as follows: * AIRWAY – Open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin.This will prevent the casualty’s tongue from blocking their airway. * BREATHING – Look to see if the chest is rising and falling, listen for breathing sounds and place your cheek close to the casualty’s nose and mouth to feel for breath. If the casualty is breathing normally, place them in the recovery position, unless you suspect a spinal injury and continue with your examination. If the casualty is not breathing, then g ive five rescue breaths and prepare to begin CPR * CIRCULATION – Check the casualty’s pulse by feeling the major artery in the neck, (carotid artery) just below the jaw line. . 3 Identify when and how to call for help. The trained first aider should always stay with the casualty and send someone else to call to help. This allows for first aider to monitor the condition of the casualty and perform any treatment if required, for example carrying out CPR if the casualty stops breathing. Never leave an infant or child casualty unattended. If any of the emergency services are required, this should be done by telephoning, 999.It is essential o communicate the following information accurately * Which emergency service is required ( ambulance, police and/or fire and rescue service) * A contact telephone number (usually the number the call is made from) * The exact location of the incident(Local landmarks provide a useful guide) * The type and seriousness of the incident (e. g. road traffic accident, school bus collided with two other vehicles, blocking a major road junction) * The number and approximate age of casualties involved (e. g. five children and one adult injured, two children in a serious condition).Once you have dealt with the priorities, you should now conduct a more detailed examination of the casualty. This will include any information from the casualty and the signs and symptoms. If the child is old enough, ask them what happened, how they fell and where they hurt. Other children or bystanders may also be able to give you information too. You should always deal with life-threatening signs and symptoms first. For example, obvious and severe bleeding. A general examination should begin at the casualty’s head and work down the body. Remember to move the casualty’s head and work down the body.Remember to move the casualty as little as possible and use your senses to look, feel, listen and smell. Use both hands to compare any diff erences between the two sides of the body. Reassure infants and young children with soothing words and a gentle touch. Signs to look for on examination of casualty Area to examinewhat to look for HEADAny bleeding, bruising or swelling (could indicator a fractured skull) FACEColour of the skin, e. g. pale, blueness (could indicate shock) EYESUnequal pupil size, blood shot eyes MOUTHAny bleeding, vomit, blueness of the lips (could indicate poisoning) flushed, sweating, clammy.EARS AND NOSEAny bleeding (could indicate a fractured skull) WHOLE BODY, NECK, ARMS AND LEGS. Any bleeding, swelling, bruising or deformity (could indicate a fracture) 3. 1 Demonstrate how to place an infant and a child into the appropriate recovery position. The recovery position is very important in first aid. It places the casualty in a stable position and ensures that an open airway is maintained. The main advantages of the recovery position are: * It prevents the tongue from falling back into the throat and blocking the airway and so maintains an open airway. Vomit or other fluid can drain easily from the casualty’s mouth, preventing choking. * It keeps the casualty in a safe and comfortable position. Recovery position for infants and children. For an infant less than a year old, a modified recovery position must be adopted: * Cradle the infant in you arms, with their head tilted downwards to prevent chocking on the tongue or inhaling vomit. * Monitor the infant’s breathing and pulse continuously. For a child over the age of one year, follow these instructions: * Turn the child onto their side. Lift the chin forward into the open airway position and adjust the child’s hand under the cheek as necessary * Check that the child cannot roll forwards or backwards * Monitor the child’s breathing and pulse continuously. If you suspect spinal injury, use the jaw thrust technique. Place your hands on either side of the child’s face. With your fingertips gently lift the jaw to open the airway and take care not to tilt the casualty’s neck. 3. 2 Describe how to continually assess and monitor an infant and a child whilst in your care. If an infant or child is unresponsive but breathing normally.It is essential to assess and monitor their condition while I wait for the ambulance to arrive What to check How to assess and what to note AirwayMake sure nothing is blocking the airway or obstructing breathing (e. g. vomit) BreathingNote the rate and depth of breathing and any changes (if the casualty stops breathing, be prepared to start CPR). Circulation Check the pulse at the neck (carotid pulse). Note the rate and strength of the pulse and any changes. ResponsivenessKeep talking and asking questions, gentle shaking or pinching the skin to see if there is any response.Note any changes. Changes in general condition Check the colour of skin and lips. Note any blueness or other changes. Check for the presence of any bleeding or complaints of p ain from the casualty. 4. 1 Identify when to administer CPR to a responsive infant and an unresponsive child who is not breathing normally. As a trained first aider, CPR should always be carried out if a casualty is unresponsive, is not breathing and has no pulse. The procedure should be followed even if you have doubts about its success and you should always carry on until help arrives.If possible, send someone else to call for an ambulance immediately, but if you are on your own, carry out CPR for one minute before calling. If there is any evidence of blood or other fluid around the child’s mouth, then a disposable face shield should be used. 4. 2 Demonstrate how to administer CPR using an infant and child manikin. CPR Procedure for infants and children. CPR for infants (less than I year old) 1. Give five rescue breaths: * Tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway * Seal your lips around the baby’s mouth and nose * Blow gently into the lungs, looking al ong the chest as you breathe.Fill your cheeks with air and use this amount each time. * As the chest rises, stop blowing and allow it to fall. Repeat four more times. 2. Give 30 chest compressions: * Place the baby on a firm surface. * Locate a position in the centre of the chest. * Using two fingers, press down sharply to a third of the depth of chest. * Press 30 times, at a rate of 100 compressions per minute * After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths. 3. Continue to resuscitate at 30 compressions to two breaths until help arrives. CPR FOR CHILDREN (1-12 years old) 1. Give five rescue breaths: Tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway. * Seal our lips around the child’s mouth and pinch the nose. * Blow gently and watch the chest as you breathe. Make sure your breathing is shallow and do not empty your lungs completely. * As the chest rises, stop blowing and allow it to fall. * Repeat four more times, then check the child’s carotid pulse. 2. Give 3 0 chest compressions: * Place one or two hands in the centre of the chest (depending on the size of the child). * Use the heel of the hand with arms straight and press down to a third of the depth of chest. Press 30 times, at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. * After 30 compressions, give tow rescue breaths. 3. Continue to resuscitate at 30 compressions to two rescue breaths until help arrives or the child recovers. 4. 3 Describe how to deal with an infant and a child who is experiencing a seizure A seizure (also known as a convulsion or fit) consists of involuntary contractions of muscles in body. The condition is due to a disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain and seizures usually result in loss of impairment of consciousness, the most common causes are epilepsy or head injuries.General signs of a seizure are: * Sudden unconsciousness * Rigidity and arching of the back * Convulsive, jerky movements In dealing with seizures, first aid treatment must always include maintaining an open airway and monitoring the infant or child’s vital signs (their level of response, pulse and breathing). You will also need to protect the infant or child from further harm during a seizure and arrange appropriate aftercare once they have recovered. First aid treatment for a seizure includes: * If you see the child falling, try to ease the fall. If possible, protect the infant or child’s head by placing soft padding underneath it. * Make space around them and if necessary, make sure other children move away. * Remove dangerous items, such as hot drinks or sharp objects. * Note the time when the seizure started. * Loosen clothing around the infant or child’s neck. When the seizure has finished: * Open the airway and check the infant or child’s breathing Be prepared to give CPR if necessary * Place the infant or child into the recovery position they are unconscious but breathing normally. Monitor and record vital signs) level of response , pulse and breathing). * Make a note of how long the seizure lasted Do not move the infant or child unless they are in immediate danger Do not put anything in their mouth or use force to restrain them. If any of the following apply, dial 999 for an ambulance: * The infant or child is unconscious for more than 10 min * The seizure continues for more then 5 minutes * The infant or child is having repeated seizures or having a seizure for the first time. 5. 1 Differentiate between a mild and a severe airway obstruction. INFANT Mild ObstructionCheck the infant’s mouth remove any obvious obstructions. Do not sweep your finger around in the mouth (this could push any obstruction further down the airway). Severe obstruction Lay the infant face down along you forearm, with head low, support the back and head If the obstruction is still present, turn the infant onto their back and give up to five chest thrusts. (Using two fingers push inwards and upwards towards the head against the infant’s breastbone, one finger’s breadth below the nipple line). If the obstruction odes not clear after three cycles, dial 999 for an ambulance.Continue until help arrives. CHILD Mild obstruction Encourage them to continue coughing Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth. Severe obstruction Give up to five back blows with the heel of your hand. Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction. If the obstruction is still present, give up to five abdominal thrusts. Continue as for an infant. If I can not remove the obstruction dial 999 5. 2 Demonstrate how to treat an infant and a child who is choking. See answer 5. 1 5. 3 Describe the procedure to be followed after administering the treatment for choking.See answer 5. 1 6. 1 Describe the common types of wounds. These are several types of wounds that can result in bleeding: * Incised: a clean cut, for example from a knife * Lacerated: a jagged cut, for example from barbed wire * Puncture: a penetrating wound, for example from a nail * Graze: a surface wound, for example from a sliding fall * Contused: a bruise, with bleeding under the skin. 6. 2 Describe the types and severity of bleeding and the affect that it has on an infant and a child Please see attached chart. 6. Demonstrate the safe and effective management for the control of minor and major external bleeding. Any open wound is a risk of becoming infected. It is very important to maintain good hygiene procedures to prevent infection between yourself and the injured infant or child. I should always wear disposable gloves and make sure that any cuts on your own hands are covered The most effective way of minimising blood loss from major bleeding is to apply direct pressure over the wound. If the injury is on an arm or a leg, raising the limb will slow down the blood flow and help to stop the bleeding.Minor bleedingFirst aid treatment * Wash and dry your own hands an put on disposable gloves * Clean the cut, if dirty, under running w ater, and pat dry. * Cover the cut temporarily while you clean the surrounding skin with soap and water, and pat the skin dry * Cover the cut completely with sterile dressing or non-allergenic plaster Major bleedingFirst aid treatment * Wash and dry your own hands and put on disposable gloves * Apply direct pressure to the wound with a pad or sterile dressing. * Raise and support (if the injury is on a limb) * Lay the casualty down to treat for shock Bandage the pad or dressing firmly to control bleeding * If bleeding seeps through the first bandage, cover with a second bandage. 6. 4 Describe how to administer first aid for minor injuries. In most first aid situations with children, injuries are likely to be relatively minor, usually with very little blood loos. A common minor injury involving bleeding with children is nosebleed. This usually occurs when tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils burst, either as result of an injury to the nose, or from sneezing, picking or blowing the nose. The first aid treatment for a nose bleed is a follows: Reassure the child and ask them to sit down. * Advise them to tilt their head forwards * Tell the child to breathe through their mouth and to pinch the soft part of the nose (they may need help to do this). * After 10 minutes, release the pressure from the nose. If the bleeding has not stopped, pinch the nose again for two further periods of 10 minutes. * Once the bleeding has stopped, clean around the nose with lukewarm water. * Tell the child not to blow or pick their nose for a few hours (because this may disturb blood clots that may have formed in the nose).Do not let the child’s head top back as blood may run down the throat and cause choking. If the nosebleed is severe, or if it lasts longer than 30 minutes, the child should be taken to hospital. 7. 1 Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from shock. The main signs of shock are: * Pale, cold, clammy skin (lips could become blue in severe shock) * Sweating * Weakness and dizziness * Feeling sick and possibly vomiting * Feeling sick and possibly vomiting * Feeling thirsty * Rapid, shallow breathingThe main first aid treatment for shock is: – Give lots of comfort and reassurance. – Lay the casualty down, raise and support their legs. – Use a coat or blanket to keep them comfortably warm – Do not give them anything to eat or drink – Check breathing and pulse frequently. – If the child becomes unconscious, put them in the recovery position – If breathing stops, follow the DRABC resuscitation sequence. 7. 2 Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from anaphylactic shock.Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction which can be life-threatening. It is usually triggered by a substance, to which the casualty is highly sensitive, for example, drugs such as penicillin, insect stings or food such as peanuts. The main signs o f anaphylactic shock are: * Difficulty in breathing, wheezing or gasping for air * General signs of shock * Swelling of the tongue and throat * Puffiness around the eyes * Extreme anxiety The main first aid treatment for anaphylactic shock is: * Send for an ambulance Check whether the child has their own medication and help them to use it if trained to do so * Reassure and comfort the child * Treat for shock * If the child becomes unconscious, put them in the recovery position * If breathing stops, follow DRABC resuscitation sequence Children who are known to suffer from anaphylaxis will usually carry their own medication with them at all times. This is usually in the form of an EpiPen or similar device. An EpiPen is easy to use, although special training should be undertaken and you should always check the policies and procedures in my setting.